Lesson 51: Reported Speech

Structure:

1. Direct Speech: "I am going to the store," she said.
2. Reported Speech: She said (that) she was going to the store.

Basic Rules:

1. Tense Changes:

   • Present Simple → Past Simple
     • "I live here." → She said she lived there.
   • Present Continuous → Past Continuous
     • "I am reading a book." → He said he was reading a book.
   • Present Perfect → Past Perfect
     • "I have seen the movie." → She said she had seen the movie.
   • Past Simple → Past Perfect
     • "I saw him." → He said he had seen him.

2. Pronoun Changes:

   • "I" → "He/She"
   • "We" → "They"
   • "My" → "His/Her"
   • "Our" → "Their"

3. Time and Place Changes:

   • "Now" → "Then"
   • "Today" → "That day"
   • "Tomorrow" → "The next day"
   • "Here" → "There"

Examples:

1. Present Simple → Past Simple:

   • Direct: "I play tennis."
   • Reported: He said (that) he played tennis.

2. Present Continuous → Past Continuous:

   • Direct: "I am studying."
   • Reported: She said (that) she was studying.

3. Present Perfect → Past Perfect:

   • Direct: "I have finished my homework."
   • Reported: He said (that) he had finished his homework.

4. Past Simple → Past Perfect:

   • Direct: "I went to the market."
   • Reported: She said (that) she had gone to the market.

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